The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent advances in tick-borne diseases, with a particular emphasis on newly described or emerging diseases worldwide that present a public health threat. The expansion of tick populations, as well as the increasing incidence of tick-borne diseases, is bringing ticks to the attention of a broader range of public health professionals. This tick species is a competent vector of Theileria orientalis, which has recently been detected on cattle farms in Virginia in the USA. Theileriosis occurs only sporadically in the USA, but this situation could change rapidly with the recent introduction of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. For countries such as Tanzania, where the economic losses due to tick-borne disease have been quantified, the impacts were estimated at USD $364 million, with an estimated mortality of 1.3 million cattle due mostly to theileriosis (68 %), anaplasmosis (13 %) and babesiosis (13 %). Tick-borne diseases affect ~80 % of the world’s cattle population, with the estimated cost of between USD $13.9 billion and USD $18.7 billion. The combined public health impact of all tick-borne diseases remains mostly unquantified.Īlthough the main focus of this review is tick-borne pathogens of humans, the impact of veterinary tick-borne diseases can also be staggering, especially in developing countries. A recent comprehensive review found Lyme disease-associated expenditures of tens of millions of euros in several European countries. Public health burdens due to Lyme disease are not unique to the USA. Additional economic costs that are substantial, but difficult to quantify, are imposed on the hospitality and tourism industry in the endemic areas. The societal burden of Lyme disease can be very considerable, with one-quarter of the patients receiving public support or disability benefits. These costs might be even higher for patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. A conservative approximation based on 42 743 cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2017 would result in a cost estimate of over USD $500 million annually. In the USA, the reported cost per patient diagnosed with Lyme disease totalled USD $8172 in 2002, equal to USD $11 838 in 2019 (CPI inflation calculator, ). The economic impact of tick-borne diseases is significant and increases every year. Additionally, around 10 000 cases of other tick-borne diseases are reported annually, although the actual number of cases is probably significantly higher. Based on these estimates, Lyme disease may be among the most common infectious diseases in the USA. According to two studies, approximately 300 000 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed annually in the USA alone, about 10-fold higher than the number of reported cases. Lyme disease is, by far, the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. In the USA, ticks are responsible for over 95 % of vector-borne disease cases. Pathogens transmitted by ticks are responsible for the majority of the vector-borne diseases in temperate North America, Europe and Asia. In this review, we provide a concise synopsis of the most medically important tick-borne pathogen worldwide, with a particular emphasis on emerging public health threats. This phenomenon is also occurring worldwide and is reflected by the increasing number of tick-borne encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever cases in Europe and Asia. Two examples of this phenomenon are Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum, which have expanded their ranges in the USA in recent decades and are responsible for the continuous emergence of Lyme disease and human ehrlichiosis, respectively. Tick-borne diseases are emerging due to the geographical expansion of their tick vectors, especially in the northern hemisphere. tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan) bacteria, such as the causative agents of Lyme disease, spotted fever rickettsiosis and human anaplasmosis and malaria-like protozoan parasites causing babesiosis. Tick-borne pathogens include viruses (e.g. Ticks are the most important vectors of human pathogens, leading to increased public health burdens worldwide.
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